4.The Age of Industrialization

4.The Age of Industrialization

Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4.The Age of Industrialization.

Before the Industrial Revolution:-

A. Proto-industrialisation was a phase when there was large-scale industrial production for an international market which was not based on factories.

B. Proto-industrial system was part of a network of commercial exchanges.

The Coming Up of the Factory:-

1. By the 1730s, the earliest factories in England came up.

2. First symbol of new era-cotton mill.

3. Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill.

The Pace of Industrial Change:-

 i. The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals.

ii. The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries.

iii. Technological changes occurred slowly because:

*The machines often broke down and repair was costly.

*The New technology was expensive.

iv. Steam engine invented by James Watt had no buyers for years.

Hand labor and stream power:-

1. In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labor.

2. In many industries the demand for labor was seasonal.

3. Range of products could be produced only with hand labor.

4. There was a demand for intricate designs.

5. Handmade goods came to symbolize refinement and class.

Life of the Workers:-

1. Labours were available in abundance in the market which affected the lives of workers.

2. After the busy season was over, workers became jobless.

3. In the early nineteenth century, wages increased but the prices of goods also increased.

Industrialisation in the colonies:-

Textile industry was the center of industrialization in India.

Age of Indian textiles:-

a. Finer varieties of cotton from India were exported.

b.A vibrant sea trade operated through pre-colonial ports.

What happened to weavers?

1.East India Company appointed “gomasthas” to collect supply from weavers.

2.Weavers lost bargaining power and lost lands for settling loans.

In many weaving villages there were reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas because:

a.The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village.

b.The price weavers received from the Company was miserably low.

Manchester comes to India:-

1. By 1950s, India began to import Manchester cotton from Britain.

2. With the rise in Manchester imports, Indian export and local market declined.

3. Supply of raw cotton in India decreased.

4. Weavers were forced to buy cotton at high prices.

Factories come up:-

a. First cotton mill came in Bombay in 1854.

b.The first jute mill came up in Bengal in 1855.

c. In 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

d.Till the First World War European managing agencies in fact controlled large sectors of Indian industries.

Where did the workers come from?

Most of the workers came from Indian villages.

Peculiarities of industrial growth:-

1. Early Indian cotton mills made coarse cotton yam.

2. During the First World War Manchester imports to India declined.

3. Indian factories supplied goods for war needs.

Small scale industries predominated:-

1. Most of the Industries were located in Bengal and Bombay.

2. A small portion of total industrial labor worked in factories.

3. Use of fly shuttle increased handicraft.

Small-scale Industries Predominate:-

1. Large industries formed only a small segment of the economy and most of them were located in Bengal and Bombay.

2. In the twentieth century, handicrafts production and handloom actually expanded.

3. By the second decade of the 20th century, weavers used looms with a fly shuttle.

Market for Goods:-

1. Advertisements helps in creating new consumers.

2. Advertisements appear in newspapers, magazines, hoardings, street walls, television screens.

3.Manufacturers also printed calendars to popularize their products.

4. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of  Swadeshi. 

M.C.Q

Q.1.Guilds were associations of-

a)  Industrialization

b)  Exporters

c) Traders

d)  Producers

Q.2.Which of the following best defines a Jobber?

a) Employed by industrialists to get new recruits

b) Old trusted worker

c) Person of authority and power

d) Controlled lives of workers

Q.3.First country to undergo industrial revolution is-

a) Japan

b) Britain

c) Germany

d) France

Q.4.18th Century India witnessed the decline of which port town?

a) Surat

b) Bombay

c) Calcutta

d) Madras

Q.5.The paid servants of the East India Company were?

a) Seth

b) Mamlatdar

c) Gomastha

d) Lambardar

Q.6.Who devised the Spinning Jenny?

a) Samuel Luck

b) Richard Arkwright

c) James Hargreaves

d) James Watt.

Q.7.When was the first cotton mill set up in India in?

a) 1814

b) 1824

c) 1854

d) 1864

Q.8.In India, the first cotton mill was set up in-

a) Madras

b) Bombay

c) Kanpur

d) Surat

Q.9.What was the fly shuttle used for-

a) Washing

b) Weaving

c) Drying

d) Sowing

Q.10. Who invented the steam engine-

a) James Watt

b) New Camen

c) Richard Arkwright

d) None of the above

Short Answers Type Questions

Q.1.What was the result of First World War on Indian industries?

Ans. First World War gave a great boost to the Indian Industries because of the following reasons-

1.The British mills became busy with the production of War materials so all its exports to India virtually stopped.

2. Suddenly Indian mills got clearance to produce different articles for the home market.

3. The Indian factories were called upon to supply various war related material like- Jute bags, clothes for uniforms, tents and leather boots for the forces and so on.

Q.2.Who was a jobber? Explain his functions.

Ans.  Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker.

1. He got people from his village ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis.

2. Jobbers became persons with authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for the favor he did and started controlling the lives of workers.

Q.3.What were the problems of Indians weavers at the early 19th century?

Ans. 1. Shortage of raw material – as raw cotton exports from India increased the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.

2. Clashes with Gomasthas- the Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So the weavers clashed with them.

3. System of Advances- The Britishers started the system of advances to regularizes the supply. The weavers eagerly took the advances in a hope to earn more but they failed to do so. They even started loosing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated.

Q.4.What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’?

Ans. 1. There is an angle of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is gently perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time.

2. The fight is taking into the future.

3. Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway, Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.1.Explain the main features of Proto – Industrialization?

Ans.Main features of Proto Industrialization-

1.Production was not based on factories.
2.Large scale home based production for international market.
3.Merchants move to country side and supplied money for artisans to produced for international market.
4.It provided alternative source of income.
5.Income from pro-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from.
6.Helped in fuller use of their family labour resources.
7.Close relationship.

Q.2.How did the British market expanded their goods in India?

Ans. 1.Advertisement of product – Advertisement makes products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. During the industrial age, advertisements have played a major role in expanding the market for products.

2.Putting labels on the cloths bundles – The labels was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on a label. They would feel confident about buying the cloths.

3.Images of Indian Gods gave approval to the goods being sold. Images of  Krishna and Saraswati was intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to the Indian People.

4.Printing Calendars to popularizes their products unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in the tea shops and in poor people’s homes, just as much as in offices and in middle class houses.

Q.3.‘The Industrial Revolution was a mixed Blessing.’ Explain?

Ans.  Blessing of the Industrial Revolution –

1. Production by machines has met the growing need of the growing population of the world.

2. Only machines have made it possible for the mankind to meet the primary necessities of food, clothes and shelter.

3. Machines have relieved man of the drudgery of tiring and unpleasant jobs.

4. Machines have brought more leisure.

Harmful effects of Industrial Revolution-

1. The industrial Revolution shattered the rural life by turning the farmers into landless labourers.

2. Rural unemployment forced the unemployed farmers to migrate to cities in search of jobs.

3. The cities became overcrowded and many problems of insanitation and housing arose.

4. The industrial Revolution gave birth to imperialism

Q.4. Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?

Ans.  1. No chance of bargaining – The weavers lost any chance of bargaining.

2. Leasing of land – most of the weavers had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving.

3. Dependency for food on others – most of the weavers after loosing their land became dependent on other for the food supplies.

4. Clashes with Gomasthas – Gomasthas acted arrogantly, marched into villages with police and punished weavers for delay in supply.