10. Eighteenth-Century Political Formations

 10. Eighteenth-Century Political Formations

Ncert solution for class 7 social science HISTORY chapter-10. 

Question 1. Match the following
Answer:  

Subadar           – provincial governor
Faujdar             –  a Mughal military commander
Ijaradar            – a revenue farmer
Misl                 –  A band of Sikh warriors
Chauth             – tax levied by the Marathas
Kunbis             – Maratha peasant warriors
Umara             – a high noble

 

Question 2. Fill in the blanks:

1.    Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the …………………

2.    Umaraand jagirdars constituted powerful sections of the Mughal

3.    Asaf Jah founded the Hyderabad state in ………………….

4.    The founder of the Awadh state was ………………..

Answer:

1.    Deccan   2.    administration

3.    1724      4.    Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa’adat Khan

Question 3. State whether true or false:
(a) Nadir Shah invaded Bengal.
(b) Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore.
(c) Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
(d)  Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century.

Answer:  (a)—False, (b)—False, (c)—True, (d)—True

 

Question 4. What were the offices held by Sa’adat Khan?
Answer:   Offices held by Sa’adat Khan.

·         Subadari

·         Faujdari

·         Diwani

He was responsible for managing political, military and financial affairs.

 

Question 5. Why did the Nawab of Awadh and Bengal try to do away with the jagirdari system?
Answer:  Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal tried to do away with the jagirdari system because:

1.Their methods of tax collection were different, they hired “revenue farmers to collect the taxes”.

2.They used practice of Ijaradari rather than jagirdari.

3. They were suspicious of this system that they inherited.

 

Question 6.  How were the Sikhs organised in the eighteenth century?
Answer:  During the 17th century the Sikhs got organised into a political community. This led to the regional state-building in Punjab. Guru Gobind Singh fought many battles against the Rajputs as well as Mughal rulers, both before and after the institution of the Khalsa in 1699. After the death of Guru Gobind Singh in 1708, the Khalsa revolted against the Mughal authority under the leadership of Banda Bahadur and declared their sovereign rule.

Banda Bahadur was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716. In the 18th century, the Sikhs organised themselves into a number of bands called jathas and later on rrdsls. Their well-knit organisation enabled them to put up successful resistance to the Mughal governors first and then to Ahamd Shah Abdali. Who had seized the rich province of the Punjab and the Sarkar of Sirhind from the Mughals.

Question 7. Why did the Marathas want to expand beyond the Deccan?
Answer:  Marathas wanted to expand beyond the Deccan because of the following reasons:

1.    They wanted to clip away the authority of the Mughal Empire.

2.    Maratha king to be recognised as the overlord of the entire Deccan peninsula.

3.    To possess the right to collect Chauth and sardeshmukhi in the entire region.

 

Question 8. What were the policies adopted by Asaf Jah to Strengthen his position?
Answer: After being the actual ruler of the Deccan, Asaf Jah began to adopt some policies in order to strengthen his position:

·         He brought skilled soldiers and administrators from northern India who welcomed the new opportunities in the south.

·         He appointed mansabdars and granted jagirs.

·         He ruled independently without Mughal interference. The Mughal emperor merely confirmed the decisions already taken by Asaf Jah.

 Question 9. Do you think merchants and bankers today have the kind of influence they had in the eighteenth century?

Answer:  During the 18th-century merchants were more influential than the bankers. They used to provide more loan opportunities at higher interest rates. But now, with the spread of education people prefer banks which provide loans and other financial assistance at cheaper rates. Bankers also provide subsidy on the interest rate. They have different scopes of loans for different purposes. So they are more influential today than the merchants.

   EXTRA QUESTIONS

Question 1. Why did zamindars of Bengal borrow money from bankers and moneylenders?
Answer: They borrowed money to pay the revenue in cash.

Question 2. Where did Sawai Raja Jai Singh found his new capital?
Answer:  Jaipur

Question 3. Why was a system called rakhi introduced?
Answer:  This system was introduced to give protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20% of the produce.

Question 4. Who was Shivaji?
Answer:  the founder of the Maratha Kingdom.

Question 5.  What was Chauth?
Answer:  25% of the land revenue claimed by zamindars was known as Chauth.

Question 6. What was sardeshmukhi?
Answer:  9-10% of the land revenue paid to the head revenue collector in the Deccan was known as sardeshmukhi.

Question 7.What was the effect of Aurangzeb’s long war in the Deccan?
Answer: The military and financial resources of his empire got depleted,

Question 8. Ahmad Shah Abdali was the ruler of
(a) Afghan
(b) Iran
(c) Iraq
(d) none of these
Question 9. Who were the Telugu warrior chiefs’?
(a) Nayakas
(b) Jathas
(c) Misl
(d) All of these

Question 10.Sawai Jai Singh founded his new capital here:
(a) Malwa
(b) Amber
(c) Jodhpur
(d) Jaipur